Factores de éxito en el emprendimiento femenino turístico rural en Costa Rica

Merlyn Gutiérrez Cruz; María Jesús Such Devesa; Patricia Gabaldón Quiñones

doi:10.14198/INTURI2021.22.7

Autores/as

Merlyn Gutiérrez Cruz Universidad de Alcalá, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-1373
María Jesús Such Devesa Universidad de Alcalá, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9469-3730
Patricia Gabaldón Quiñones IE Business School. IE University., España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-2661

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2021.22.7

Palabras clave:

desempeño, mujeres empresarias rurales, turismo, costarricenses

Resumen

Este artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo definir el perfil de las mujeres emprendedoras costarricenses en el sector del turismo rural y determinar si sus características y las de sus empresas están relacionadas con su desempeño. Se adoptó una metodología mixta basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia del apoyo familiar y la afiliación a redes como elementos esenciales para el desarrollo de empresas exitosas. La familia y las redes proporcionan dos elementos esenciales para el éxito de las emprendedoras: acceso a la financiación y formalización de sus negocios. Es de especial relevancia destacar la contribución de esta investigación a un campo poco estudiado como es el de las emprendedoras rurales, dados sus aportes a la reducción de la pobreza y en el que tradicionalmente el acceso a la información ha sido muy limitado.

Citas

Ahl, H., Berglund, K., Pettersson, K., Sköld, B., y Tillmar, M. (2017, Noviembre 15-17). Entrepreneurship in rural areas: The role of women? Presentado en Conferencia RENT. Lund, Sweden. Recuperado de https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/127244/1/RENT_E_ship_in_rural_areas_the_role_of_women.pdf

Aldrich, H., y Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship Through Social Networks. En D. Sexton y R. Smilor (Eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (pp. 3-23). Ballinger, New York. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291165757_Entrepreneurship_Through_Social_Networks

Amit, R., y Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1993). Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140105

Andriotis, K. (2005). Seasonality in Crete: problem or a way of life? Tourism Economics, 11(2), 207-224. https://doi.org/10.5367/0000000054183478

Bakas, F.E. (2014). Tourism, female entrepreneurship and gender: crafting new economic realities in rural Greece (Doctoral dissertation). University of Otago.

Ballestero, P.T., Romero, P.A., y Serrano, L.G. (2014). Emprendimiento de la mujer en el ámbito rural: el turismo como motor de desarrollo. Esic market, 45(3), 553-604. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4939505

Barbieri, C., y Mshenga, P. (2008). The Role of the Firm and Owner Characteristics on the Performance of Agritourism Farms. Sociologia Ruralis, 48(2), 166-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00450.x

Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108

Bharathi, G.V., y Reddy, P.H. (2013). A study on rural women entrepreneurship in Vempalli Mandal, Kadapa District, A.P. India. African Journal of Hospitality Tourism and Leisure, 2(3). Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329963916_A_study_on_rural_women_entrepreneurship_in_Vempalli_Mandal_Kadapa_District_AP_India

Bock, B.B. (2004). Fitting in and Multi-tasking: Dutch Farm Women's Strategies in Rural Entrepreneurship. Sociologia Ruralis, 44(3), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00274.x

Bowale, E.K., Longe, J.B., y Suaibu, O. (2014). Role of female entrepreneurs in poverty alleviation in rural communities: The case of Akoko north-east local government area in Ondo state, Nigeria. En Primorac, D., y Jovancai, A. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 133-150. Recuperado de http://eprints.ugd.edu.mk/10875/1/The%20macroeconomic%20effects%20of%20remittances%20in%20southeast%20Europe.pdf#page=142

Brenes L., Hernández, V., Bermúdez, L., y Gómez, A. (2017). Estado de situación de las PYME en Costa Rica 2016. San José, Costa Rica: MEIC. Recuperado de http://reventazon.meic.go.cr/informacion/pyme/2017/informe.pdf

Brunet, I., y Alarcón, A. (2007). Mujeres emprendedoras en el marco del turismo rural. Revista de Gestión Pública y Privada, 12, 53-74. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3073067

Brush, C.G. (1992). Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(4), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600401

Brush, C.G., y Chaganti, R. (1999). Businesses without glamour? an analysis of resources on performance by size and age in small service and retail firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(3), 233-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00103-1

Burgos, A., y Mertens, F. (2016). As redes de colaboração no turismo de base comunitária: implicações para a gestão participative. Tourism & Management Studies, 12(2), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2016.12203

Calderón, E.G. (2017). Turismo rural comunitario, agricultura familiar y desarrollo rural. Análisis de algunas experiencias en las áreas rurales de Costa Rica. Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y Pesqueros, 247, 15-58. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6049811

Carro, R., y González, D. (2012). Productividad y Competitividad [Recurso de Aprendizaje]. Recuperado de http://nulan.mdp.edu.ar/1607/1/02_productividad_competitividad.pdf

Caves, R. (1980). Industrial Organization, Corporate Strategy and Structure. Journal of Economic Literature, 18(1), 64-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7138-8_16

Chavarría, C.R. (2009). Estudio sobre turismo rural en Costa Rica [Documento de Trabajo]. San José, Costa Rica: IICA. Recuperado de http://legacy.iica.int/Esp/organizacion/LTGC/agroturismo/Documentos Agroturismo/Forms/AllItems.aspx

Che, D., Veeck, A. y, Veeck, G. (2005). Sustaining production and strengthening the agritourism product: Linkages among Michigan agritourism destinations. Agriculture and Human Values, 22, 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-8282-0

Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943

Coleman, S. (2002). Characteristics and Borrowing Behavior of Small, Women-Owned Firms: Evidence from the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 151-166. Recuperado de https://search.proquest.com/docview/214233196?accountid=14475

Coleman, S. (2007). The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and growth of women-owned small firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2007.00214.x

Cooper, A., Gimeno Gascón, F., y Woo, C. (1997). Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance. The Journal of Private Equity, 1(2), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2

Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.

De Vita, L., Mari, M., y Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009

Debrah, Y.A. (2007). Promoting the informal sector as a source of gainful employment in developing countries: insights from Ghana. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(6), 1063-1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701321716

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Beck, T. y, Honohan, P. (2008). Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access. Washington, DC.: World Bank. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6905

Díaz, M.C., y Jiménez, JJ. (2010). Recursos y resultados de las pequeñas empresas: Nuevas perspectivas del efecto género. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, 13(42), 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1138-5758(10)70006-2

Duarte, C.D., y Pereira, J.A.D. (2018). The role of women in rural tourism: a study in the Planaltina's Rajadinha circuit-Federal Districts. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 12(3), 81-102. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v12i3.1446

Fabowale, L., Orser, B., y Riding, A. (1995). Gender, Structural Factors, and Credit Terms Between Canadian Small Businesses and Financial Institutions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(4), 41-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879501900404

Fletschner, D., Anderson, C.L., y Cullen, A. (2010). Are women as likely to take risks and compete? Behavioural findings from central Vietnam. The Journal of Development Studies, 46(8), 1459-1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220381003706510

Fuentes, F.J., y Sánchez, S.M. (2010). Análisis del perfil emprendedor: una perspectiva de género. Estudios De Economía Aplicada, 28(3), 696-696. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3388507

Getz, D., y Carlsen, J. (2005). Family business in tourism: State of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 237-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.006

Gidarakou, I. (2015). Women's Entrepreneurship in Rural Greece. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(10), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740903037968

Grant, R.M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664

Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250130205

Hallak, R., Assaker, G., y Lee, C. (2015). Tourism entrepreneurship performance: The effects of place identity, self-efficacy, and gender. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513513170

Henry, C., Foss, L., y Ahl, H. (2015). Gender and entrepreneurship research: a review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242614549779

Hernández, V., Madrigal, J., Rodríguez, J.A., y Brenes, L. (2008). Hacia el estado de las MIPYMES: Primer diagnóstico nacional de MIPYMES. San José, Costa Rica: UNED. Recuperado de http://omipymes.uned.ac.cr/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Cuadernillo-1-Primer-Diagnostico-Nacional-de-MIPYMES.pdf

Hill, C.W.L., y Jones, G.R. (2005). Administración estratégica: Un enfoque integrado. Bogotá, Colombia: McGraw-Hill.

Honig, B. (1998). What determines success? examining the human, financial, and social capital of jamaican microentrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(5), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00036-0

Iakovidou, O., Koutsou, S., Partalidou, M., y Emmanouilidou, M. (2012). Women entrepreneurs in rural Greece: do they come from the same "neck of the woods"? Locals, daughters-in-law and urban-newcomers. New Medit, 11(2), 57-64. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3987626

Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. (2009). Anuario estadístico de turismo 2008. San José, Costa Rica: Unidad de Administración de la Información. Recuperado de https://www.ict.go.cr/es/documentos-institucionales/estad%C3%ADsticas/informes-estad%C3%ADsticos/anuarios/2005-2015/471-2008/file.html

Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. (2018a). Anuario estadístico de turismo 2017. San José, Costa Rica: Unidad de Administración de la Información. Recuperado de https://www.ict.go.cr/es/documentos-institucionales/estad%C3%ADsticas/informes-estad%C3%ADsticos/anuarios/2005-2015/1103-2017-1/file.html

Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. (2018b). Divisas por concepto de turismo. San José, Costa Rica: Planeamiento y Desarrollo Turístico. Recuperado de https://www.ict.go.cr/es/documentos-institucionales/estad%C3%ADsticas/cifras-econ%C3%B3micas/costa-rica/960-divisas-por-concepto-de-turismo/file.html

Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. (2018c). Principales actividades realizadas por los turistas. Recuperado de https://www.ict.go.cr/es/documentos-institucionales/estad%C3%ADsticas/cifras-tur%C3%ADsticas/actividades-realizadas/1115-2013-2017.html

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo. (2016). Manual de Clasificación Geográfica con Fines Estadísticos de Costa Rica. Recuperado de http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documetos-biblioteca-virtual/meinstitucionalmcgfecr.pdf

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo. (2018). Empleo en las actividades asociadas con el sector turístico. Recuperado de https://www.ict.go.cr/es/documentos-institucionales/estad%C3%ADsticas/cifras-tur%C3%ADsticas/empleo-enaho-inec-ccss/869-inec-2013-2018/file.html

Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S., y Lonik, K. (2015). Tourism growth and entrepreneurship: Empirical analysis of development of rural highlands. Tourism Management Perspectives, (14), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.02.001

Jóhannesson, G.P., Skaptadóttir U.D., y Benediktsson K. (2003). Coping with social capital? The cultural economy of tourism. Sociologia Ruralis, 43(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00226

Knickel, K., y Renting, H. (2000). Methodological and conceptual issues in the study of multifunctionality and rural development. Sociologia ruralis, 40(4), 512-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00164

Koutsou, S., Notta, O., Samathrakis, V., y Partalidou, M. (2009). Women's entrepreneurship and rural tourism in Greece: Private enterprises and cooperatives. South European Society and Politics, 14(2), 191-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740903037968

Lebendiker, M., Herrera, R. y Velásquez, G. (2015). Reporte Nacional 2014: la situación del emprendimiento en Costa Rica, una perspectiva local sobre emprendimientos, retos y crecimientos en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Asociación Incubadora Parquetec. Recuperado de https://www.gemconsortium.org/country-profile/53

Lerner, M., y Haber, S. (2001). Performance factors of small tourism ventures: The interface of tourism, entrepreneurship, and the environment. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00038-5

Ling, R.S.J., Wu, B., Park, J., Shu, H., y Morrison, A.M. (2013). Women's role in sustaining villages and rural tourism in China. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 634-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.07.009

Meyer, N., y Mostert, C. (2016). Perceived barriers and success factors of female entrepreneurs enrolled in an entrepreneurial programme. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, (8)1, 48-66. Recuperado de http://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/24513

Organización Mundial del Turismo. (2018). El turismo y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible - Buenas prácticas en las Américas. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419937

Parsheera, C.M., y Sood, J. (2011). Participation of women in rural tourism in Kullu, HP. Tourism Development Journal, 9(1), 102-111. Recuperado de https://www.academia.edu/2069448/Parsheera_C.M._and_Sood_J._2011_._Participation_of_women_in_rural_tourism_in_Kullu_HP._Tourism_Development_Journal_9_I_102-111

Pena, I. (2002). Intellectual capital and business start-up success. Journal of Intellectual Capital, l. 3(2), 180-198. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930210424761

Pérez, B., y Fuller, N. (2015). Turismo rural comunitario, género y desarrollo en comunidades campesinas e indígenas del sur del Perú. Quaderns de l'Institut Català d'Antropologia, (31), 95-119. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5590153

Powers, J., y Magnoni, B. (2010). Dueña de tu propia empresa: Identificación, análisis y superación de las limitaciones a las pequeñas empresas de las mujeres en América Latina y el Caribe. Recuperado de https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/13690/duena-de-tu-propia-empresa-identificacion-analisis-y-superacion-de-las

Priem, R.L., y Butler, J.E. (2001). Is the resource-based "view" a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4011928

Radović, G., y Radović-Marković, M. (2016). Significance of rural tourism for female entrepreneurship development in the Republic of Serbia. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 3-19. Recuperado de https://www.library.ien.bg.ac.rs/index.php/jwee/article/view/260

Ramírez, L. (2010). La informalidad y semiformalidad empresarial en Costa Rica: Un acercamiento desde la mirada de personas expertas, San José, Costa Rica: UNED. Recuperado de: http://investiga.uned.ac.cr/omipymes/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Cuadernillo-5-Informalidad-y-semiformalidad-en-Costa-Rica.pdf

Roberts, L. y Hall, D. (2001). Rural tourism and recreation: principles to Practise. Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851995403.0000

Saffu, K., Apori, S.O., Elijah-Mensah, A., y Ahumatah, J. (2008). The contribution of human capital and resource-based view to small- and medium-sized tourism venture performance in Ghana. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 3(3), 268-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800810883684

Schmidt, C., Tomio, M., Demko Alves, J.K. y, Rossi, F. (2016). O empreendedorismo coletivo no contexto do turismo rural sustentável: Uma experiência do Sul do Brasil. Pasos, 14(5), 1161-1174. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2016.14.077

Shaw, E., Marlow, S., Lam, W., y Carter, S. (2009). Gender and entrepreneurial capital: Implications for firm performance. International. Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942327

SOFA Team. (2011). Gender differences in assets. Working paper No. 11-12. Rome, Italy: Agricultural Development Economics Division, FAO. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/3/a-am317e.pdf

Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., y Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal. 18(7), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z

Tigges, L.M., y Green, G.P. (1994). Small business success among men- and women-owned firms in rural areas. Rural Sociology, 59(2), 289-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00534.x

Tiwari, N., y Goel, G. (2017). Success factors of women owned micro and small enterprises in India. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 31(4), 590-608. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2017.085424

Watson, J. (2003). Failure Rates for Female‐Controlled Businesses: Are They Any Different? Journal of Small Business Management, 41(3), 262-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00081

Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207

World Bank. (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4391