Las partes interesadas en el desarrollo turístico de un territorio. Análisis de casos en Ecuador

Juan Ignacio Pulido Fernández; Diana López Molina

doi:10.14198/INTURI.23156

Autores/as

Juan Ignacio Pulido Fernández Universidad de Jaén, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-726X
Diana López Molina Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2824-2824

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI.23156

Palabras clave:

teoría de las partes interesadas, stakeholders, actor turístico, desarrollo turístico, capital social, Ecuador

Resumen

La literatura científica reconoce cada vez más la importancia del capital social en el desarrollo turístico de un territorio. Un destino turístico es un ecosistema conformado por un conjunto de actores (las partes interesadas) que se interrelacionan entre ellos y este grado de interacción está directamente relacionado con el desarrollo de los destinos turísticos. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis de las partes interesadas en el desarrollo turístico de cuatro ciudades de Ecuador. Para ello, la metodología se centra en identificar a los actores a partir de los niveles de poder, influencia y urgencia. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que existen diferentes tipos de stakeholders en cada ciudad, con distintos niveles de participación, lo que se refleja en el grado de desarrollo turístico de estas ciudades.

Citas

Aas, C., Ladkin, A., & Fletcher, J. (2005). Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management. Annals of tourism research, 32(1), 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.005

Albats, E., Alexander, A., Mahdad, M., Miller, K., & Post, G. (2020). Stakeholder management in SME open innovation: interdependences and strategic actions. Journal of Business Research, 119, 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.038

Ali, F., Hussain, K., Nair, V., & Nair, P. K. (2017). Stakeholders' perceptions & attitudes towards tourism development in a mature destination. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 65(2), 173-186.

Alvarez, M. D. (2014). Sustainability issues. In Tourism as an Instrument for Development: A Theoretical and Practical Study. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320140000006001

Amoako, G. K., Obuobisa-Darko, T., & Marfo, S. O. (2021). Stakeholder role in tourism sustainability: the case of Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and centre for art and culture in Ghana. International Hospitality Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-09-2020-0057

Arriagada, I., Miranda, F., & Pávez, T. (2004). Lineamientos de acción para el diseño de programas de superación de la pobreza desde el enfoque del capital social: guía conceptual y metodológica. CEPAL.

Baggio, R., & Cooper, C. H. (2010). Knowledge transfer in a tourism destination: the effect of a network structure. The Service Industrial Journal, 30 (10), 1757-1771. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060903580649

Billgren, C., & Holmén, H. (2008). Approaching reality: Comparing stakeholder analysis and cultural theory in the context of natural resource management. Land use policy, 25(4), 550-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.11.004

Bornhorst, T., Ritchie, J. B., & Sheehan, L. (2010). Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders' perspectives. Tourism management, 31(5), 572-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.008

Britain, G. (1995). Guidance note on how to do stakeholder analysis of aid projects and programmes. Overseas Development Administration.

Brugha, R., & Varvasovsky, Z. (2000). How to do (or not to do) ...A stakeholder analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 15(3), 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/15.3.338

Buanes, A., Jentoft, S., Karlsen, G. R., Maurstad, A., & Søreng, S. (2004). In whose interest? An exploratory analysis of stakeholders in Norwegian coastal zone planning. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47(5-6), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.04.006

Byrd, E. T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism review. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000309

Carrillo-Hidalgo, I., Casado-Montilla, J., & Pulido-Fernández, J.I. (2021). Desarrollo sostenible del oleoturismo: Un análisis de la colaboración entre actores. Revista de ciencias sociales, 27(2), 19-38.

Clarkson, M. E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of management review, 20(1), 92-117. https://doi.org/10.2307/258888

d'Angella, F., & Go, F. M. (2009). Tale of two cities’ collaborative tourism marketing: Towards a theory of destination stakeholder assessment. Tourism Management, 30(3), 429-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.012

De desarrollo, E. L. G. P., la programación, Y. L. F. Y., & EJECUCIÓN, D. P. D. E. (2017). Plan nacional de desarrollo 2017-2021 “Toda una vida”. https://www.planificacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2017/10/PNBV-26-OCT-FINAL_0K.compressed1.pdf

De Gooyert, V., Rouwette, E., Van Kranenburg, H., & Freeman, E. (2017). Reviewing the role of stakeholders in operational research: A stakeholder theory perspective. European Journal of Operational Research, 262(2), 402-410.

Elias, A. A., & Cavana, R. Y. (2000, December). Stakeholder analysis for systems thinking and modelling. In Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Conference paper.

FACULTADES A GOBIERNOS AUTONOMOS DESARROLLO ACTIVIDADES TURISTICAS. (2016, 23 de marzo). Consejo Nacional de Competencias Registro Oficial Suplemento 718 No. 0001-CNC-2016.https://www.turismo.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reg%C3%BAlense-las-facultades-y-atribuciones-de-los-GADs-Municipales-Metropolitanos-Provinciales-y-Parroquiales-Rurales-respecto-al-desarrollo-de-actividades-tur%C3%ADsticas.pdf

Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.

Freeman, R. E., & McVea, J. (2001). A stakeholder approach to strategic management. The Blackwell handbook of strategic management, 189-207. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263511

Gass, G., Biggs, S., & Kelly, A. (1997). Stakeholders, science and decision making for poverty-focused rural mechanization research and development. World development, 25(1), 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(96)00090-3

Grimble, R., & Wellard, K. (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Agricultural systems, 55(2), 173-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00006-1

Hardy, A., & Pearson, L. J. (2018). Examining stakeholder group specificity: An innovative sustainable tourism approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.05.001

Hunjet, A., Kozina, G., & Vukovic, D. (2019). Stakeholder Dialogue in the Development of Sustainable Tourist Destinations. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 386-397.

Jamal, T. B., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of tourism research, 22(1), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00067-3

Jones, T. M. (1995). Instrumental stakeholder theory: A synthesis of ethics and economics. Academy of management review, 20(2), 404-437. https://doi.org/10.2307/258852

Khazaei, A., Elliot, S., & Joppe, M. (2015). An application of stakeholder theory to advance community participation in tourism planning: The case for engaging immigrants as fringe stakeholders. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(7), 1049-1062. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1042481

Martini, U., & Buffa, F. (2015). Local networks, stakeholder dynamics and sustainability in tourism. Opportunities and limits in the light of stakeholder theory and SNA. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 33(Jan-Apr), 113-130.

Marzuki, A., & Hay, I. (2014). Stakeholder, tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism, 896-898. Cham Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_389-1

Merinero Rodríguez, R., & Zamora Acosta, E. (2009). La colaboración entre los actores turísticos en ciudades patrimoniales. Reflexiones para el análisis del desarrollo turístico. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2009.07.015

Ministerio de Turismo. (2023). Visualizador de Información Turística del Ecuador. https://servicios.turismo.gob.ec/visualizador-economico

Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of management review, 22(4), 853-886. https://doi.org/10.2307/259247

Nguyen, T. Q. T., Young, T., Johnson, P., & Wearing, S. (2019). Conceptualising networks in sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100575

Nilsson, P. Å. (2007). Stakeholder theory: the need for a convenor. The case of Billund. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(2), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701372099

Nilsson, P. Å., & Aquino, J. (2021). The Interplay of Stakeholder Theory and Blind Spot Theory in Rural Tourism Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, 8(2), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajt.8-2-2

Poudel, S., Nyaupane, G. P., & Budruk, M. (2016). Stakeholders’ perspectives of sustainable tourism development: A new approach to measuring outcomes. Journal of Travel Research, 55(4), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514563166

Prieto, M. (2011). Los estudios sobre turismo en Ecuador. Espacios en disputa: el turismo en Ecuador, 9-28.

Pulido-Fernández, J. I. (2005) Criterios para una política turística sostenible en los parques naturales de Andalucía. Sevilla, Consejería de Turismo, Comercio y Deportes.

Pulido-Fernández, J.I. (2010). Las partes interesadas en la gestión turística de los parques naturales andaluces. Identificación de interrelaciones e intereses. Revista de estudios regionales, (88), 147-175.

Robson, J., & Robson, I. (1996). From shareholders to stakeholders: critical issues for tourism marketers. Tourism management, 17(7), 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00070-2

Secretaría Nacional de Planificación (2021). Plan Nacional de Oportunidades 2021, 2025 https://www.planificacion.gob.ec/

Shaadi Rodríguez, L. D. S., Pulido Fernández, J. I., & Rodríguez Herrera, I. M. (2018). Análisis de las Partes Interesadas en la Gestión del Turismo de Reuniones en la ciudad de Aguascalientes (México) a partir de los elementos básicos del análisis de redes. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.012

Song, H., Zhu, C., & Fong, L. H. N. (2021). Exploring Residents’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Sustainable Tourism Development in Traditional Villages: The Lens of Stakeholder Theory. Sustainability, 13(23), 13032. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313032

Theodoulidis, B., Diaz, D., Crotto, F., & Rancati, E. (2017). Exploring corporate social responsibility and financial performance through stakeholder theory in the tourism industries. Tourism Management, 62, 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.018

Wayne Gould, R. (2012). Open innovation and stakeholder engagement. Journal of technology management & innovation, 7(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242012000300001

Wei, M., & Yang, R. R. (2013). A research on eco-tourism development models based on the stakeholder theory. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 291, pp. 1447-1450). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.291-294.1447

Yang, A., & Bentley, J. (2017). A balance theory approach to stakeholder network and apology strategy. Public Relations Review, 43(2), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.02.012