Técnicas y estrategias para desarrollar el turismo experiencial en humedales

María José Viñals Blasco; Pau Alonso-Monasterio

doi:10.14198/INTURI2016.12.01

Autores/as

María José Viñals Blasco Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, España
Pau Alonso-Monasterio Universitat Politècnica de València, España

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2016.12.01

Palabras clave:

Humedales, Experiencia turística, Emociones, Interpretación del Patrimonio

Resumen

Se han llevado a cabo numerosos esfuerzos en materia de Comunicación, Educación, Concienciación y Participación (CECoP) desde diversas administraciones y organizaciones conservacionistas en relación a la conservación de los humedales, pero los resultados han sido discretos si se comparan con los obtenidos en otros ecosistemas. Los humedales no gozan todavía del aprecio de la mayoría del público generalista, aunque son destinos habituales para ecoturistas especializados (p.e. observadores de aves).

Este trabajo identifica y analiza, por una parte, las causas de esta situación como son la complejidad de evidenciar los atractivos naturales de los humedales y la existencia de una percepción negativa de estos ecosistemas entre ciertos sectores del público.

Por otro lado, se presentan estrategias para abordar estas cuestiones y establecer una conexión más personal entre el público y los recursos que facilite el desarrollo de emociones en los visitantes. Así, se propone: un conocimiento en profundidad de los diferentes públicos, la identificación de nuevos iconos interpretativos, la puesta en valor del patrimonio intangible de los humedales, entre otros. Se describen también técnicas para reforzar la percepción sensorial de los visitantes in situ, ya que de ello depende, en gran medida, la satisfacción de la experiencia que, a su vez, está en la base de futuras actitudes y comportamientos proactivos de los visitantes en relación a la conservación, salvaguarda y disfrute de los humedales.

Citas

Alonso-Monasterio, M., Alonso-Monasterio, P. y Viñals, M.J. (2015). Natusers’ motivations and attitudes in urban green corridors: challenges and opportunities. Case study of the Parc Fluvial del Túria (Spain). Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 68, 369-383.

Andrade, M.J. (2012). La interpretación de la realidad del destino por parte de los turistas: evaluaciones cognitivas y afectivas. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 10(5), 477-494.

Baker, D.A. y Crompton, J.L. (2000). Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785-804.

Balmford, A. (2000). Separating fact from artifact in analyses of zoo visitor preferences. Conservation Biology, 14, 1193–1195.

Balmford, A., Mace, G.M. y Leader-Williams, N. (1996). Designing the ark: setting priorities for captive breeding. Conservation Biology, 10, 719–727.

Bernués, M., Custodio, E. Torán, T. y Viñals, M.J. (2001). Aguas subterráneas y humedales (ISBN 84-95516-36-5). Ed. Fundación Marcelino Botín. Col. Papeles del Proyecto Aguas Subterráneas, serie C, Madrid.

Bigné, J.E., Sánchez, M.I. y Sánchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22, 607-616.

Bitgood, S., Patterson, D. y Benefield, A. (1988). Exhibit design and visitor behaviour: empirical relationships. Environment and Behaviour, 20, 474–491.

Baloglu, S. y McCleary, K.W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897.

Carver, E. (2013). Birding in the United States: A Demographic and economic Analysis. Addemdum to the 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, USA.

Conell, J. (2009). Birdwatching, Twitching and Tourism: towards an Australian perspective. Australian Geographer, 40(15), 203-217.

Day, R.L. (1984). Modeling Choices Among Alternative Responses to Dissatisfaction. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 496-499.

Devesa, M., Laguna, M. y Palacios, A. (2010). The role of motivation in visitor satisfaction: Empirical evidence in rural tourism. Tourism Management, 31(4), 547-552.

Echtner, C.M. y Ritchie, J.R.B. (1991). The meaning and measurement of destination image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(2), 2-12.

Engel, J.F.; Blackwell, R.D. y Miniard, P.W. (1993). Consumer Behaviour. Dryden Press.

Faullant, R., Matzler, K. y Fuller, J. (2008). The impact of satisfaction and image on loyalty: The case of alpine ski resorts. Managing Service Quality, 18(2), 163-178.

Feldman, R. (1999). Psicología. Mc Graw Hill (México D.F.).

Folmer, A., Haartsen, T. y Huigen, P.P.P. (2013). The role of wildlife in emotional attachment to a nature-based tourism destination. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(3), 131-145

Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer. The Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56, 6-21.

Gartner, W.C. (1993). Image formation process. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 191-215.

Hall, E.T. (1963): A system for the notation of Proxemic behavior. American Anthropogist, 65(1), 1003-1026.

Ham, S. (1993). Environmental Interpretation. A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets. Fulcrum Publishing, Colorado.

Ham, S. (2013): Interpretation: Making a Difference on Purpose. Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado.

Halstead, D., Hartman, D. y Schimdt, S.L. (1994). Multisource Effects on the Satisfaction Formation Process. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 114-129.

Hsu, C.H.C., Cai, L.A. y Li, M. (2010). Expectation, motivation, and attitude: A tourist behavioral model. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 282-296.

Hunt, J.D. (1975). Image as a Factor in Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 13, 1-7.

Hvenegaard, G.T. (2002). Birder specialization differences in conservation involvement, demographics, and motivations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 7, 21–36.

Kerley, G.I.H., Geach, B.G.S. y Vial, C. (2003). Jumbos or bust: do tourists’ perceptions lead to an under-appreciation of biodiversity? SouthAfrican Journal of Wildlife Research, 33(1), 13-21.

Kim, S.S., Scott, D. y Crompton, J.L. (1997). An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavioral involvement, commitment, and future intentions in the context of birdwatching. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 320-341.

Kotler, P., Haider, D.H. y Rein, Y. (1993). Marketing places: attracting investment, industry and tourism to cities, states and nations. The free Press, New York.

Leader-Williams, N. y Dublin, H.T. (2000). Charismatic megafauna as ‘flagship species’. En A. Entwhistle & N. Dunstone (Eds), Priorities for the conservation of mammalian diversity: has the panda had its day? (pp. 53–81). Conservation Biology Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lee, T.H. (2009). A Structural model to examine how destination image, attitude, and motivation affect the future behavior of tourists. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 215-236.

Line, N. y Costen, W. (2011). Environmental attitudes, motivation, and attachment: Toward a model of nature-based tourism. International CHRIE, Paper 5.

Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods. Saving our Children from Nature Deficit Disorder. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.

Luo, Y. y Deng, J. (2008). The new environmental paradigm and nature-based tourism motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 392-402.

Manning, R.E. (1999). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

Margulis, S.W., Hoyos, C. y Anderson, M. (2003). Effect of felid activity on zoo visitor interest. Zoo Biology, 22, 587–599.

Martin, S.R. (1997). Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers. Human Dimension of Wildlife, 2, 1-18.

Mayo, E.J. y Jarvis, L.P. (1981). The psychology of the leisure travel: Effective marketing and selling of travel services. CBI Pub. Co., Boston, Mass.

McCool, S.F. (1983). The National Parks in Post-Industrial America. Western Wildlands, 9(2), 14-19.

Moncada, J. A., Aranguren, J., Díaz, E., del Castillo, M., y Benaya, J. (2002). Implicaciones prácticas de las preferencias de los visitantes del Parque Zoológico Caricuao. Caracas. Investigación y Postgrado, 17(1). 135-158.

Morgan, D.J. y Lok, L. (2000). Assessment of a Comfort Indicator for Natural Tourist Attractions: The Case of Visitors to Hanging Rock, Victoria. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 393-408.

Moscardo, G. (1996). Mindful Visitors: Heritage and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 376-397.

Oliver, R.L. (1993). Cognitive, Affective, and Attribute Bases of the Satisfaction Response. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 418-430.

Pike, S. y Ryan, C. (2005). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective and conative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342.

Pizam, A. y Mansfeld, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism. The Haworth Hospitality Press, New York.

Prayag, G., Hosany, S. y Odeh, K. (2013). The role of tourists’ emotional experiences and satisfaction in understanding behavioral intentions. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2, 118-127.

Reade, L.S. y Waran, N.K. (1996). The modern zoo: how do people perceive zoo animals? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47, 109–118.

Rodger, K., Moore, S.A. y Taplin, R. (2012). Visitor satisfaction, loyalty and protected areas: a review and the future. Informe WA Department of Environment and Conservation, Parks Victoria and the Parks Forum. Technical Report, Murdoch University.

Scott, D. y Thigpen, J. (2003). Understanding the Birder as Tourist: Segmenting Visitors to the Texas Hummer/Bird Celebration. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 8, 199-218.

Shiffmann, L.G. y Lazar Kanuk, L. (2000). Consumer Behavior. Prentice Hall.

Spreng, R.A., MacKenzie, S.B. y Olsshvsky, R.W (1996) A re-examination of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 60, 15-32.

Swan, J.E. y Oliver, R.L. (1989). Postpurchase communications by consumers. Journal of Retailing, 65(2), 516-33.

Tian-Cole, S. y Crompton, J.L. (2003). A conceptualization of the relationships between service quality and visitor satisfaction, and their links to destination selection. Leisure Studies, 22(1), 65-80.

Tremblay, P. (2002). Tourism wildlife icons: Attractions or marketing symbols? [online]. En CAUTHE 2002: Tourism and Hospitality on the Edge (624 - 638). Lismore, N.S.W. Cowan Universty Press.

Vaske, J.J. y Donnelly, M.P. (2002). Generalizing the encounter-norm-crowding relationship. Leisure Sciences, 24, 255-269.

Véras dos Santos, E., De Souza, l., Guedes, D. y Biccas-Marques, J.C. (2012). What makes a mammal attractive to the public at the Zoological park of Sapucaia du Sul in Southern Brazil? Zoo’s Print, XXVII(2), 5-11.

Veverka, J.A. (2002). Planning for Interpretative Training Courses. Interpscan 28(3).

Viñals, M.J. (Ed.). (2002). El patrimonio cultural de los Humedales / Wetland Cultural Heritage. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España.

Viñals, M.J., Morant, M., Hernández, C., Ferrer, C., Quintana, R. D., Maravall, N., Cabrelles, G., Ramis, J. y Bachiller, C. (2004). Albufera de Valencia (Spain): Measuring carrying capacity in a fragile ecosystem. En Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A Guidebook (pp. 330-337). World Tourism Organization, Madrid.

Viñals, M.J., Morant, M. y Teruel, M.D. (2014). Confort psicológico y experiencia turística. Casos de estudio de espacios naturales protegidos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 65, 293-316.

Wang, X., Zhange, J., Gu, C. y Zhen, F. (2009). Examining antecedents and consequences of tourist satisfaction: A structural modeling approach. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 14(3), 397-406.

Ward, P.I., Mosberger, N., Kistler, C. y Ficher, O. (1998). The relationship between popularity and body size in zoo animals. Conservation Biology, 12, 1408–1411.

Wilson, E.O. (1986). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.

World Tourism Organization (2004). Tourism Congestion Management at Natural and Cultural Sites. UNTWO, Madrid.

Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F. y Bilim, Y. (2010). Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tourism Management, 31, 274-284.

Zabkar, V., Brencic, M. y Dmitrovic, T. (2010). Modelling perceived quality, visitor satisfaction and behavioural intentions at the destination level. Tourism Management, 31, 537-546.